ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has turned into a worldwide pandemic. Therefore, health officials all around the world have strived for developing efficient preventive and treatment methods to deal with this global crisis. Amongst them, monoclonal antibodies, anti-TNFs, and convalescent plasma appear to be effective against this disease. In addition, clinical trials are currently being conducted for viral targeting vaccines. This review summarizes major advances using biopharmaceuticals in the treatment and prevention strategies against COVID-19 that have occurred in the global medicinal system from its introduction until March 2022.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has turned into a worldwide pandemic. Therefore, health officials all around the world have strived for developing efficient preventive and treatment methods to deal with this global crisis. Amongst them, monoclonal antibodies, anti-TNFs, and convalescent plasma appear to be effective against this disease. In addition, clinical trials are currently being conducted for viral targeting vaccines. This review summarizes major advances using biopharmaceuticals in the treatment and prevention strategies against COVID-19 that have occurred in the global medicinal system from its introduction until March 2022.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessels, is essential for development of solid tumors. At first, it was first assumed that angiogenesis is not implicated in the development of acute myeloid leukemia [AML] as a liquid tumor. One of the most important elements in bone marrow microenvironment is mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]. These cells possess an intrinsic tropism for sites of tumor in various types of cancers and have an impact on solid tumors growth by affecting the angiogenic process. But so far, our knowledge is limited about MSCs' role in liquid tumors angiogenesis. By increasing our knowledge about the role of MSCs on angiogenesis, new therapeutic strategies can be used to improve the status of patients with leukemia
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, HL-60, K562 and U937 cells were separately co-cultured with bone marrow derived-MSCs and after 8, 16 and 24 hours, alterations in the expression of 10 chemokine genes involved in angiogenesis, were evaluated by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction [qRT-PCR]. Mono-cultures of leukemia cell lines were used as controls
Results: We observed that in HL-60 and K562 cells co-cultured with MSCs, the expression of CXCL10 and CXCL3 genes are increased, respectively as compared to the control cells. Also, in U937 cells co-cultured with MSCs, the expression of CXCL6 gene was upgraded. Moreover in U937 cells, CCL2 gene expression in the first 16 hours was lower than the control cells, while within 24 hours its expression augmented
Conclusion: Our observations, for the first time, demonstrated that bone marrow [BM]-MSCs are able to alter the expression profile of chemokine genes involved in angiogenesis, in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. MSCs cause different effects on angiogenesis in different leukemia cell lines; in some cases, MSCs promote angiogenesis, and in others, inhibit it
ABSTRACT
Objective: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells [BMMSCs] reside in the bone marrow and control the process of hematopoiesis. They are an excellent instrument for regenerative treatment and co-culture with hematopoietic stem cells [HSCs]
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, K562 cell lines were either treated with butyric acid and co-cultured with MSCs, or cultivated in a conditioned medium from MSCs plus butyric acid for erythroid differentiation. We used the trypan blue dye exclusion assay to determine cell counts and viability in each group. For each group, we separately assessed erythroid differentiation of the K562 cell line with Giemsa stain under light microscopy, expression of specific markers of erythroid cells by flowcytometry, and erythroidspecific gene expressions by real-time polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]
Results: There was enhandced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells with butyric acid compared to the K562 cell line co-cultured with MSCs and butyric acid. Erythroid differentiation of the K562 cell line cultivated in conditioned medium with butyric acid was higher than the K562 cell line co-cultured with MSCs and butyric acid, but less than K562 cell line treated with butyric acid only
Conclusion: Our results showed that MSCs significantly suppressed erythropoiesis. Therefore, MSCs would not be a suitable optimal treatment strategy for patients with erythroid leukemia
Subject(s)
Erythroid Cells , In Vitro Techniques , Coculture Techniques , Cell Differentiation , K562 CellsABSTRACT
Objective: Three-dimensional [3D] biomimetic nanofiber scaffolds have widespread applications in biomedical tissue engineering. They provide a suitable environment for cellular adhesion, survival, proliferation and differentiation, guide new tissue formation and development, and are one of the outstanding goals of tissue engineering. Electrospinning has recently emerged as a leading technique for producing biomimetic scaffolds with micro to nanoscale topography and a high porosity similar to the natural extracellular matrix [ECM]. These scaffolds are comprised of synthetic and natural polymers for tissue engineering applications. Several kinds of cells such as human embryonic stem cells [hESCs] and mouse ESCs [mESCs] have been cultured and differentiated on nanofiber scaffolds. mESCs can be induced to differentiate into a particular cell lineage when cultured as embryoid bodies [EBs] on nano-sized scaffolds
Materials and Methods: We cultured mESCs [2500 cells/100 Mul] in 96-well plates with knockout Dulbecco's modified eagle medium [DMEM-KO] and Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 [RPMI-1640], both supplemented with 20% ESC grade fetal bovine serum [FBS] and essential factors in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF]. mESCs were seeded at a density of 2500 cells/100 Mul onto electrospun polycaprolactone [PCL] nanofibers in 96-well plates. The control group comprised mESCs grown on tissue culture plates [TCP] at a density of 2500 cells/100 Mul. Differentiation of mESCs into mouse hematopoietic stem cells [mHSCs] was performed by stem cell factor [SCF], interleukin-3 [IL-3], IL-6 and Fms-related tyrosine kinase ligand [Flt3-L] cytokines for both the PCL and TCP groups. We performed an experimental study of mESCs differentiation
Results: PCL was compared to conventional TCP for survival and differentiation of mESCs to mHSCs. There were significantly more mESCs in the PCL group. Flowcytometric analysis revealed differences in hematopoietic differentiation between the PCL and TCP culture systems. There were more CD34+ [Sca1+] and CD133+ cells subpopulations in the PCL group compared to the conventional TCP culture system
Conclusion: The nanofiber scaffold, as an effective surface, improves survival and differentiation of mESCs into mHSCs compared to gelatin coated TCP. More studies are necessary to understand how the topographical features of electrospun fibers affect cell growth and behavior. This can be achieved by designing biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering
Materials and Methods: We cultured mESCs [2500 cells/100 Mul] in 96-well plates with knockout Dulbecco's modified eagle medium [DMEM-KO] and Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 [RPMI-1640], both supplemented with 20% ESC grade fetal bovine serum [FBS] and essential factors in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF]. mESCs were seeded at a density of 2500 cells/100 Mul onto electrospun polycaprolactone [PCL] nanofibers in 96-well plates. The control group comprised mESCs grown on tissue culture plates [TCP] at a density of 2500 cells/100 Mul. Differentiation of mESCs into mouse hematopoietic stem cells [mHSCs] was performed by stem cell factor [SCF], interleukin-3 [IL-3], IL-6 and Fms-related tyrosine kinase ligand [Flt3-L] cytokines for both the PCL and TCP groups. We performed an experimental study of mESCs differentiation
Results: PCL was compared to conventional TCP for survival and differentiation of mESCs to mHSCs. There were significantly more mESCs in the PCL group. Flowcytometric analysis revealed differences in hematopoietic differentiation between the PCL and TCP culture systems. There were more CD34+ [Sca1+] and CD133+ cells subpopulations in the PCL group compared to the conventional TCP culture system
Conclusion: The nanofiber scaffold, as an effective surface, improves survival and differentiation of mESCs into mHSCs compared to gelatin coated TCP. More studies are necessary to understand how the topographical features of electrospun fibers affect cell growth and behavior. This can be achieved by designing biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering
ABSTRACT
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors [PPARs] are a group of nuclear receptor proteins whose functions as transcription factors regulate gene expressions. PPARs play essential roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism [carbohydrate, lipid, protein], and tumorigenesis of higher organisms. This study attempts to determine the effect of baicalin, a PPAR? activator, on erythroid differentiation of cluster of differentiation 133+ [CD133+] cord blood hematopoietic stem cells [HSCs]. In this experimental study, in order to investigate the effects of the PPAR? agonists baicalin and troglitazone on erythropoiesis, we isolated CD133+ cells from human umbilical cord blood using the MACS method. Isolated cells were cultured in erythroid-inducing medium with or without various amounts of the two PPAR? activators [baicalin and troglitazone]. Erythroid differentiation of CD133+ cord blood HSCs were assessed using microscopic morphology analysis, flow cytometric analysis of erythroid surface markers transferrin receptor [TfR] and glycophorin A [GPA] and bycolony forming assay. Microscopic and flow cytometric analysis revealed the erythroid differentiation of CD133+ cord blood HSCs under applied erythroid inducing conditions. Our flow cytometric data showed that the TfR and GPA positive cell population diminished significantly in the presence of either troglitazone or baicalin. The suppression of erythroid differentiation in response to PPAR? agonists was dose-dependent. Erythroid colony-forming ability of HSC decreased significantly after treatment with both PPAR? agonists but troglitazone had a markedly greater effect. Our results have demonstrated that PPAR? agonists modulate erythroid differentiation of CD133+ HSCs, and therefore play an important role in regulation of normal erythropoiesis under physiologic conditions. Thus, considering the availability and application of this herbal remedy for treatment of a wide range of diseases, the inhibitory effect of baicalin on erythropoiesis should be noted